Public domain software vs freeware

 Public domain software and freeware

 Software that is original in the sense that it is an intellectual creation of the author benefits copyright protection.

Non-original software does not come into consideration for copyright protection and can, in principle, be used freely. Public domain software is considered as software to which the author has given up all rights and on which nobody is able to enforce any rights.

 This software can be used, reproduced or executed freely, without permission or the payment of a fee. Public domain software can in certain cases even be presented by third parties as own work, and by modifying the original work, third parties can take certain versions of the public domain software out of the public domain again.

Freeware is not public domain software or FOSS. It is proprietary software that you can use without paying a license cost. However, the often strict license terms need to be respected.

Examples of freeware are :

Adobe Reader, Skype and Command and Conquer: Tiberian Sun (this game was sold as proprietary in 1999 and is since 2011 available as freeware).

What is RAID ?

RAID Explanation

 

 RAID is a way to get protected from hard­disk failures.
 An example of RAID ?
Let'simagine the three directors of Coca­Cola company.
 If one of them knows the entire production secrets, he might build his own company. If each of them knows only the third of the secret, as soon as one dies, the product is lost.

So, let's divide the product secret in three: part A, B and C. Director 1 knows secret A, director 2 knows secret B and director 3 knows secret C. 

For redundancy reasons, let's learn to director 1 the secret B too, to director 2 the secret C and to director 3 the secret A.
In this case, none of them knows the entire production method, but any of them might die, the remaining knows what to learn to the newly hired director. 

The only thing we know about hard­disks is: they will die.
But no one's know when.
 If you want your data to survive your hard disk, use RAID (as Linux provides you for free). You will have the opportunity to replace your crashed hard­disk and see the system rebuild the missing data without even stopping you to work !

Choose multi­console system

Linux is multi­console. 

Linux comes usually with 6 text­based consoles, plus 1 graphical one.
 On that graphical console, you have by default 4 virtual screens.
 First users gets confused by so many "screens".
Once used to it, systems providing only one desktop will look frustrating to you.

 Why should you be limited to only one desktop ?
 Why not launch the word processing tool in plain screen on one console, the web browser in an another one, and leave my preferred game paused on the third one ?

Soon, you will increase the number of such consoles to 8, 12 or 16... And surprise ! You will not even need to reboot to enjoy it !

Develop on Linux !

Linux is a standard-respectful  platform.

 When you develop on Linux, your software will likely use standardized APIs from standardized
programming languages (Perl, Bash, Tcl/Tk, Java, Posix, Ansi­C, C++...)
so that your software will be easily ported on other operating systems:
 • BSD
• Mac OS­X
• Solaris
• HP­UX
 • AIX
• True­64
• Irix
• Hurd
• QNX
• ... With a bit of care, it is even possible to develop directly pure portable code. So Choose Linux to develop platform­ independent code

Linux competitor's controlled system ?

WHY LINUX ?

Linux is not under the control of a software development company.
 As software development company, you can choose Windowsas preferred operating system, delivering Windows solutions to your customers.
If you do that, you know that soon or later, you will loose your business in favor of Microsoft.
 Why ? 
Because as soon as Microsoft will identify your business as significant, they will use the same technique they used againstCorel, Netscape, Borland, ...
They will change the API such a way that your software will become unstable, inefficient and buggy.
They will develop hidden API that only their software will be able to use, giving them unfair market advantage...
And they will win: they are playing on their backyard...
And it'syou that choose to fight with them there !

 A good counter­example is the success of Sony in the game market: their PlayStation II is NOT RUNNING Microsoft system. That's why they are still on tracks.

Linux is more secure than Windows !?

Top reasons that shows Linux is more secure than Windows !?

Linux is not under the control of NSA.
The NSA (National Security Agency, USA) and Microsoft recognized that two sets of secret keyswhere shipped with Windows in order to alloweither Microsoft and NSA to enter any Windows running computer in the world.

Do we accept a foreign security agency to control our bank accounts, our official mails, e­mails, our justice records ?

Do we accept our armies to run such software ?

Linux is open­source. Anybody can check if there is such a back­door in it. NSA is working on a certificated secure version of the Linux kernel for USA use, because they know Windows is not secure. If USA chooses Linux for security, why not Europe ?

Why Linux is the right one ?

Top reasons that show Linux is the right one 

Linux, as operating system, is and will always remain free (in the sense of a free beer).
There is no license to pay to anybody.

More than that, Linuxcost of ownership is very low because of:
 • You don't need expensive anti­virus software.
• You don't need to maintain a license database.
• You don't need to reinstall crashed/corrupted systems 
• You don't need to install expensive remote management software
 • You harmed by very old well known bugs that have not yet been fixed
 • You can choose your operating system supplier (no monopoly)
 • You can choose between various equivalent softwares (alternative solutions exists on Linux)
 • You can adapt the system to your exact needs: you remain master of your software solution.

Linux is European

Linux is European technology !

The creator of Linux, Linus Torvald, is European!
Linux is now used throughout the world (Asia, Oceania, North and South America).
Why not in Europe ?
Do we need to depend on technological matters on foreign countries, while we have the best technology in town ?
Are we plan to add to our regrettable energetic dependency the high­tech one ?
What might become Europe without techno­logical capability ?
 Our only resource is our brains. If we become technologically dependent of a foreign country, we are going to become a third­world country within the next decades.

Problems in Linux

Why Linux is best for scientists and companies ? 

 Linux manages properly the memory
Thanks the state of the art implementation of the research results in computer science coming from Unix, universities and other research centers, Linux properly manages the memory (demand paging).

The consequence ?

• If a buggy software crashes, you don't need to reboot the computer
• If a software ends, it does not leave unused memory (memory leaking) leading to "Low on resources" error message.
 • If a malicious code gets executed, it does not spread among the entire system memory.
 •Two users sharing the same computer at the same time can't corrupt the other user software memory.

Linux is awesome !

Top reasons that show Linux is awesome !

Linux is stable. 
It manages properly the memory, tasks, user rights, access to the I/O and hardware, so that some Linux hosts are running actively since more than 5 continuous years !
When does a Linux system stops ?
 – When there is a hardware failure
– When there is a power outage
 – When there is a system upgrade 
– When it is shut­down by its owner Linux development team started even the development of a system allowing upgrades without interruption of the services !

Compare this kind of stability with Win NT4: Microsoft recognized that an internal bug caused the system to crash after only 47 days ! Nobody notice, because Microsoft systems are always crashing anyway !

Choose the freedom choose Linux

Choose the freedom ! Choose Linux !

Linux is multi­vendor.

 This means that by choosing Linux, you choose to depend on a set of (more than 50) Linux distributorsin the world, plus the open­source community.

 This is definitely safer than depending on a unique vendor.

 It is also saner: prices ­if any­ are driven by the market, not by monopoly. 

This means also that the distributors are fighting to give you the best service, the best documentation, the easiest installation procedures, the quickest updates, the best security updates, the smartest trainings, the most appropriate assistance, the most efficient help­desk... in order to keep you as customer !

Reasons to choose Linux

Top Reasons to choose Linux

Linux is open­source.
 This means you have access to the code of the operating system.
You can actually learn computer science, change the code and experience the result.
You can even participate to the development code.
 Linux is good for students.
 Other non open­source operating systems do not allow learning how a system works.
 They don't allow you neither to try new developments or experiment a ­potentially genial­ idea.
With non open­source systems, your role is reduced to license buyer. 

Linux Best Choice ?

Why to choose Linux

Linux is multi­user. 
On a Linux box, several users can log­on simultaneously.
 This means that you have the freedom to share the same computer among various tasks launched by various users.
This means you can share the same program installation among various users.
This allows you to
– Save license costs
– Save installation time
– Save back­up time
 – Save upgrade time
This is only possible if the operating system is very stable and separates efficiently the data and codebelonging to various users.

Why Linux ?

Why use Linux

 Linux is multi­platform. 

This means that by choosing Linux, you choose aportable operating system on which you can run or develop portable applications. Linux runs on Sparc (Sun), Alpha (Compaq), Mips, ARM, x86 (Intel), PowerPC, 680x0 (Motorola), RS6000 (IBM), and so on... So, when choosing Linux for your operating system, you open choices to you. You don'treduce your choices to no­other­choice­than Intel running IBMcompatible PC !

Interesing Facts about Linux

Quick Facts About Linux

In 1998, IBM compared its fastest computer,
Dip Blue, to a 64­nodes cluster running Linux..
 The result is: The Linux cluster was about 4 times faster... for the quarter of the price. They are not the only company to have made an actual Linux test, but the difference is that they published the result, and acted accordingly:

IBM invested 750 000 000 $ in 1999
 1 000 000 000 $ in 2000
 1 000 000 000 $ in 2001in the port of Linux on all its platforms, from the simplest to the mainframe.
They are now installing Linux as operating system in their largest customers back offices. Even WallStreet is using Linux those days !

Creating Hidden Net User Administrator on Windows 10

• Open Notepad. To Open Notepad, press Windows + R and type Notepad inside the box

• Copy and paste the code below in Notepad:

1 2 3

@echo off net user hidden mypassword /add net local group Administrators hiddenuser /add

• In the above code, Replace mypassword with your own password and hiddenuser with your administrator name.
• Now save the file as Hidden.bat. Here, .bat stand for the batch file extension.
• Once you save, you will see a bat file icon created in the folder where you saved the .bat file.
• Right click on the icon and select ‘Run as Administrator’. Once you ‘Run as Administrator’, a command prompt will appear showing that your account is being created.

• Once it’s done, you might want to recheck it. So, to recheck and confirm your created account, open a Command Prompt window. PressWindows+R and type cmd in the box and a Command Prompt window will appear. 

• Type the command net user in the command prompt. There should space in between net and user in the command and press enter. Now you can see your hidden Net User Administrator account On Windows 10.

Hiding The Hidden Net User Administrator:

• Now, the next step is to hide this account. Open a new Command Prompt window with administrative permissions by right clicking on the cmd icon.

• Now type the following command and press enter: net user hidden /active:no

• Like this, you’ll be able to hide an account on your Windows 10 PC.

Accessing The Hidden Net User Administrator:

• To access this account, you need to open a new Command Prompt window with administrative permissions.
• Now, enter the following command and press enter: net user hidden /active:yes

• This will bring your account to the front with the name you specified. To check this, you need to log off your computer or click on top-right corner of the Start Menu.

• After using this hidden account, follow the step to hide this hidden user account and restrict people from accessing it.

Now with this account, you can ensure privacy by managing all your private information under this hidden account. Moreover, this account will have complete administrator access to your computer.

How to use NSLOOKUP

• Nslookup to know your default DNS server and IP address

Just type nslookup in you command prompt and you will get your default DNS server and its IP address:

• Nslookup for any web servers IP address

Let’s say I want to know the IP address of Microsoft’s web servers. So just nslookup microsoft.com in you command prompt and you will get the DNS server name and its IP address:

In the above screen, you can see that there is a term called Non-authoritative answer. This answer is shown when the reply comes from a source which is not considered authoritative for the domain which it’s returning a record for.

For example, in the above query, the response is coming from my default DNS server which would come as non-authoritative because it is not listed in the list of nameservers for microsoft.com.

How to Make Windows 10 Full Backup

How to Make Windows 10 Full Backup:

• Open the Control Panel of your Windows 10 system. You can also do so by typing control panel in the search area in Windows 10.
  

• Insert an external USB Drive where you want to backup your system. You can also make a backup on other system drives.
• Under the control panel, click on File history.
  
• Click on the System Image Backup under the file history at the left bottom.
• Clicking on System Image Backup will open a new window. There, look at the left side pane and click on ‘Create a System Image’
  
• Once clicked on this option, a new Windows prompt will ask you to Choose your location. There are three options for that:
  • On a hard drive (including your external USB drive)
  • On a DVD and,
  • On a network location
Note that creating a Windows 10 full backup on DVD or network location can take a lot of time. So, I prefer to do it on external hard drive or on a hard drive other than the C drive.

• Click on next and it will ask you to choose from all of the drives you want to make a backup for.
• Choose your option here and then click on Next.
• Once clicked on next, the following screen will come which will show your backup location as well the drives that are being backed up.

Dual boot Windows 8.1 and Mac Yosemite with GPT using Clover Boot Loader

We have already discuss about Hackintosh Boot Loader but still this time we are providing Detail guide for dual booting Windows 8.1 and Mac OS X Yosemite 10.9.2 with GUID Partition Table using Clover Boot Loader,Clover is an open-source EFI-based boot loader which has a totally different approach from Chameleon and Chimera, in fact it can emulate the EFI portion present on real macs and boot the OS from there instead of using the regular legacy BIOS approach used by Chameleon and Chimera. This highly recommended for UEFI motherboard. 

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Advantages Of Clover Boot Loader 

=>Boots troublesome desktop and laptop BIOS/UEFI
=>Uses native OS X installation media
=>Ability to patch DSDT/kernel/kexts at boot time
=>Creates OS X Recovery partition
=>No boot0 error with 4K Advanced Format drives
=>Solves multi-boot issues with Linux and Windows 7/8
=>Solves traditional Boot loader NVRAM issues related to iMessage/FaceTime

Requirement:-

1. MAC OS X Yosemite Application Download it from the Mac App Store
2. 2 USB flash drive 8GB and 4GB for Mac and Windows
3.Windows 8.1 or Windows 10 ISO image
4.Working Hackintosh or Macintosh System

Section 1 Install OS X

Prepare Bootable USB Drive For Mac 

1. Insert the USB drive

2. Open /Applications/Utilities/Disk Utility
3. Highlight the USB drive in left column

4. Click on the Partition tab

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5. Click Current and choose 1 Partition
6. Click Options...
7. Choose GUID Partition Table8. Under Name: type USB (You can rename it later)
9. Under Format: choose Mac OS Extended (Journaled)
10. Click Apply then Partition
11. Open /Applications/Utilities/Terminal
12. Type the following code, enter password and hit enter. This command completely erases the USB, then creates native OS X installer media from the Install OS X Yosemite Application.

 sudo /Applications/Install OS X Yosemite.app/Contents/Resources/createinstallmedia --volume /Volumes/USB --applicationpath /Applications/Install OS X Yosemite.app --no interaction

Upon completion, the USB will be renamed Install OS X Yosemite.

13. Download the latest version of Clover from sourceforge
14. Open Clover package installer
15. Hit Continue, Continue, Change Install Location to USB...
16. Choose the USB, now called Install OS X Yosemite
17. Hit Customize and install Clover to the same USB with the following Custom Install settings:

20. Navigate to /EFI/CLOVER/ and replace default config.plist with attached config.plist*

21. Navigate to /EFI/CLOVER/kexts/ and create a folder called 10.10

22. Navigate to /EFI/CLOVER/kexts/10.10/ and add FakeSMC.kext & VoodooPS2Controller.kext

23. Navigate to /EFI/CLOVER/kexts/10.10/ and add your ethernet kext

24. Navigate to /EFI/CLOVER/kexts/10.10/ and add NullCPUPowerManagement.kext

25. Navigate to /EFI/CLOVER/drivers64UEFI/ remove VBoxHfs-64.efi and addHFSPlus.efi

26. (Optional) Navigate to /EFI/CLOVER/ACPI/patched / and add DSDT.aml and SSDT.aml 

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Install OS X Yosemite First 

1. Turn on the computer

2. Press the hotkey to choose boot device usually DEL,F10 

3. Choose USB 

If using a USB 3.0 port, the boot manager screen may appear, at which point proceed with steps a-b.

a. Choose Boot Manager

b. Choose EFI USB Device

4. When Clover boot Appears, choose Boot OS X Install from OS X Install OS X Yosemite 

5. The system will then boot into OS X Installer

6. For a dual booting we need two separate partition for each os so erase entire drive and make two partition

a. Choose Disk Utility

b. Highlight your target hard drive for the Yosemite installation in left column. 

c. Click Partition tab

d. Click Current and choose 2 Partition

e. Click Options...

f. Choose GUID Partition Table

g. Under First Partition Name: type Yosemite (You can rename it later)

h. Under Format: choose Mac OS Extended (Journaled)

i. Under Second Partition Name: type Windows 8.1 (You can rename it later)

j. Under Format: choose Mac OS Extended (Journaled)

l. Click Apply then Partition

l. Close Disk Utility

7. When the installer asks you where to install, choose Yosemite,

8. Upon completion, system will restart a 1st time 

9. Press the hotkey to choose boot device 

10. Choose USB

11. When Clover boot screen is visible, choose Boot OS X Install from OS X Install OS X Yosemite 

The system will boot into the new drive, create the recovery partition, and complete the installation. Upon completion, system will restart a 2nd time.

12. Press the hotkey to choose boot device 

13. When Clover boot screen is visible, choose Yosemite

14. The system will launch OS X Setup and it will reach you to Desktop 

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Post-Installation

At this time Our HDD is not bootable so we need to install Boot Loader so we can boot our Mac Yosemite without using USB media which we created for installing Yosemite 

Again Open Clover Boot Loader and do the install it like i did 

In my case i did not choose Install For UEFI Booting because i have Legacy Bios but if you have UEFI platform then kindly select UEFI else your system will become bootable 

Tricky Part 

Once you Successfully install Clover then Mount your EFI partition and do several settings like i did 

1.Navigate to /Volumes/EFI/EFI/CLOVER/ and edit config.plist

2.Navigate to /Volumes/EFI/EFI/CLOVER/kexts/ and create a folder called 10.10

3.Navigate to /Volumes/EFI/EFI/CLOVER/kexts/10.10/ and add FakeSMC.kext+Voodoops2Controller.kext

4.Navigate to /Volumes/EFI/EFI/CLOVER/kexts/10.10/ and add your ethernet kext

5.(Optional if you both SSDT and DSDT) Navigate to /Volumes/EFI/EFI/CLOVER/ACPI/patched/ and add DSDT.aml and SSDT.aml 

Links to download Config.plist

1=Standerd 

2=NVDIA GE=YES

3=ATI GE=YES

4=For HD4600
I assume you have install Mac OS X Yosemite Successfully 

Section 2 Install Windows

Prepare Bootable USB Drive For Windows 

1. Insert the USB drive
2. Open /Applications/Utilities/Disk Utility
3. Highlight the USB drive in left column

4. Click on the Partition tab
5. Click Current and choose 1 Partition
6. Click Options...
7. Choose Master Boot Record8. Under Name: type Windows
9. Under Format: choose Fat 32
10. Click Apply then Partition and wait for completion 

11.Mount the Windows 8.1 or Windows 10 ISO and copy all the contend

12.Open USB and Paste all contend it take 5-10 min depends on your flash drive speed

USB is now ready now restart you System without ejecting USB

13.After you got the Clover Boot Menu go to the EFI shell 

14.Identify you USB drive it is most probably is FS0 

15.inter into FS0 by using this command "FS0:" without double inverted 

16.once you enter in FS0 then use following command "EFI/BOOT/BOOT64.EFI"without double inverted
If you have trouble like Windows cant install on MBR it need GPT then go through the following Guide

Convert hybrid GPT Partition to Pure GPT Partition 

Using those command Windows installer booted In EFI mode 

17.Once you successfully boot into the Windows Installer on Partition section delete Windows 8.1 partition and recreate it,Recreation will automatically create MSR partition 

18.Install the Windows it will take time to install,Once you got first restart then remove the USB from Computer and boot normally,It will boot the Clover Boot Menu and choose the Windows partition and continue the setup 

19.Once you Got desktop then install Drivers for windows

Now Dual boot is ready..

Note:-This guide is only works on 64 bit version of Windows 7/8/8.1/10 but 32 bit will not works 

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